For Teachers

Students learning about Pueblo Indian history at Crow Canyon - Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Crow Canyon educator and students, spear-throwing activity - Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Students learning how to weave on a Pueblo loom at Crow Canyon - Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Introduction

Top banner - Drawing of child and man adapted from original illustration by Theresa Breznau of Living Earth Studios; courtesy of the Bureau of Land Management, Anasazi Heritage Center. Photograph of girl by Julie Schlossinger; copyright Julie Schlossinger.

Pueblo man - Photo by Joyce Alexander; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pueblo girl - Photo by Wendy Mimiaga; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pueblo woman - Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

A pueblo today (Taos Pueblo) - Photo from www.bigstockphoto.com.

Mesa Verde archaeological region - Maps by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Mesa Verde - Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Archaeological site with standing masonry walls (Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde National Park) - Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Rubble mound at archaeological site (where buildings have fallen down) - Photo by Jeff Kelley; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Archaeologist mapping masonry wall - Photo by Kristin Kuckelman; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Archaeologist mapping with mapping instrument - Photo by Erin Baxter; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Archaeologist in lab analyzing artifacts - Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Archaeologist looking through microscope - Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pueblo couple standing in front of home - Photo by Deloria Lomawaima; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Environment of the Mesa Verde Region

Aerial view of canyons and mesas - Photo by Dan Mooney; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Sagebrush, pinyon tree, juniper tree, yucca, and cactus - Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Deer and lizard - Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Joyce Heuman Kramer.

Elk and mountain lion - Photos from www.bigstockphoto.com.

Timeline

Paleoindian through Pueblo III drawings - Adapted from original illustrations by Theresa Breznau of Living Earth Studios; courtesy of the Bureau of Land Management, Anasazi Heritage Center.

Post-Migration period photo (Oraibi on Hopi Third Mesa, ca. 1871–1907) - Photo by John K. Hillers; courtesy National Archives, photo no. NWDNS-106-IN-1859BC.

Modern Pueblo period photo (Taos Pueblo) - From www.bigstockphoto.com.

Paleoindian Period

Paleoindian hunters - Adapted from original illustration by Theresa Breznau of Living Earth Studios; courtesy of the Bureau of Land Management, Anasazi Heritage Center.

Paleoindian maps - Maps by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center (source of information on possible migration routes: Figures 2.4 and 2.5 in Bones, Boats, and Bison: Archeology and the First Colonization of Western North America, by E. James Dixon, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1999).

Mammoth - Pen-and-ink drawing by Lee R. Schmidlap, Jr.; copyright Lee R. Schmidlap, Jr.

Paleoindian house - Illustrations by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center (source of information used in reconstructions: A Folsom Structure in the Colorado Mountains, by Mark Stiger, American Antiquity 2006, vol. 71, pages 321–351).

Clovis point - From the collections of the Center for the Study of the First Americans, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University; photo courtesy of the Center for the Study of the First Americans.

Folsom point - Bureau of Land Management photo at http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/more/
CRM/heritage_education/history_mystery/hm2/stone_points.html.

Archaic Period

Archaic camp - Adapted from original illustration by Theresa Breznau of Living Earth Studios; courtesy of the Bureau of Land Management, Anasazi Heritage Center.

Archaic map - Map by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Deer and bighorn sheep - Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Joyce Heuman Kramer.

Elk and rabbit - Photos from www.bigstockphoto.com.

Pinyon, ricegrass, amaranth, and goosefoot - Photos by Rick Bell; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Yucca - Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Corn kernels and squash seeds - Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Archaic house - Illustrations by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Archaic hunting equipment: atlatl, spear, projectile point - Atlatl: copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center. Atlatl, spear, projectile point: pen-and-ink drawing by Lew Matis; adapted, with permission, from Figure A.2 in Windows Into the Past: Crow Canyon Archaeological Center's Guide for Teachers, edited by M. Elaine Davis and Marjorie R. Connolly, Kendall/Hunt Publishing, Dubuque, Iowa, 2000.

Basin metate and one-hand mano - Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Twig figurine of deer (replica) - Replica created by Paul Ermigiotti, photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Basketmaker Period

Basketmaker farmstead - Adapted from original illustration by Theresa Breznau of Living Earth Studios; courtesy of the Bureau of Land Management, Anasazi Heritage Center.

Basketmaker maps - Maps by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Corn - Photo by Jeanne Fitzsimmons; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Beans and squash - Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pinyon, ricegrass, amaranth, and goosefoot - Photos by Rick Bell; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Yucca - Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Deer and bighorn sheep - Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Joyce Heuman Kramer.

Elk and rabbit - Photos from www.bigstockphoto.com.

Basketmaker pithouse - Illustrations by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center (source of information used in reconstructions: Figure 9 in Badger House Community, Mesa Verde National Park, by Alden C. Hayes and James A. Lancaster, Publications in Archeology, no. 7E, National Park Service, Washington, D.C., 1975).

Basket - Illustration adapted from Basket-Maker Caves of Northern Arizona: Report on the Explorations, 1916–1917 (Plate 24), by Samuel J. Guernsey and Alfred V. Kidder, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 8, no. 2. Harvard University, Cambridge, 1921.

Sandals - Edge of the Cedars State Park Museum collection; photos by Sam Fee (left) and Joyce Heuman Kramer (right); copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Basketmaker gray ware pottery vessels - Pen-and-ink drawing by Lee R. Schmidlap, Jr.

Basketmaker white ware pottery vessels - Pen-and-ink drawing by Lee R. Schmidlap, Jr.

Digging stick (replica) - Replica created by Paul Ermigiotti, photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Trough metate and two-hand mano - Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Bow and arrow - Copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pueblo I Period

Pueblo I farmstead - Adapted from original illustration by Theresa Breznau of Living Earth Studios; courtesy of the Bureau of Land Management, Anasazi Heritage Center.

Pueblo I map - Map by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Corn - Photo by Jeanne Fitzsimmons; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Beans and squash - Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Turkey - Photo from www.bigstockphoto.com.

Deer and bighorn sheep - Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Joyce Heuman Kramer.

Elk and rabbit - Photos from www.bigstockphoto.com.

Pinyon, ricegrass, amaranth, and goosefoot - Photos by Rick Bell; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Yucca - Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pueblo I farmstead with roomblock, pithouses, and plaza labeled - Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Jacal wall - Photo by Rich Fleming; copyright Rich Fleming.

Adobe - Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pueblo I pithouse - Illustrations by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center (source of information used in reconstructions: Figure 2.12 in The Duckfoot Site, Volume 1: Descriptive Archaeology, edited by Ricky R. Lightfoot and Mary C. Etzkorn, Occasional Papers, no. 3, Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, Colorado, 1993).

Pueblo I neckbanded gray ware pottery vessels - Pen-and-ink drawing by Lee R. Schmidlap, Jr.

Pueblo I white ware pottery vessels - Pen-and-ink drawing by Lee R. Schmidlap, Jr.

Pueblo I red ware pottery vessels - Pen-and-ink drawing by Lee R. Schmidlap, Jr.

Trough metate and two-hand mano - Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Bow and arrow - Copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pueblo II Period

Pueblo II trading center - Adapted from original illustration by Theresa Breznau of Living Earth Studios; courtesy of the Bureau of Land Management, Anasazi Heritage Center.

Pueblo II map - Map by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Corn - Photo by Jeanne Fitzsimmons; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Beans and squash - Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Turkey - Photo from www.bigstockphoto.com.

Pinyon, ricegrass, amaranth, and goosefoot - Photos by Rick Bell; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Yucca - Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Deer and bighorn sheep - Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Joyce Heuman Kramer.

Elk and rabbit - Photos from www.bigstockphoto.com.

Pueblo II farmstead with roomblock, kiva, and plaza labeled - Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pueblo II kiva - Illustrations by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center (source of information for reconstructions: Figure 13 in Monitoring and Excavation at Aulston Pueblo [Site 5MT2433], a Pueblo II Habitation Site, by James N. Morris, Four Corners Archaeological Project Report, no. 6, Complete Archaeological Service Associates, Cortez, Colorado, 1986).

Masonry wall - Photo by Bill Proud; copyright Bill Proud.

Masonry wall detail (showing mortar) - Photo by Steve Copeland; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pueblo II corrugated gray ware pottery vessels - Pen-and-ink drawing by Lee R. Schmidlap, Jr.

Corrugated pottery sherd with fingerprints - Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pueblo II white ware pottery vessels - Pen-and-ink drawing by Lee R. Schmidlap, Jr.

Pueblo II red ware pottery vessels - Pen-and-ink drawing by Lee R. Schmidlap, Jr.

Trough metate and two-hand mano - Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Bow and arrow - Copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Macaw feather sash - Edge of the Cedars State Park Museum (ECPR 12571); Kent Frost, donor. Photo courtesy Edge of the Cedars State Park Museum, Utah State Parks.

Copper bell - Photo courtesy Chaco Culture National Historical Park, photo no. CHCU 31204.

Shell bracelet - Photo courtesy Chaco Culture National Historical Park, photo no. CHCU 14465.

Turquoise beads - Photo courtesy Chaco Culture National Historical Park, photo no. CHCU 14472.

Pueblo III Period

Pueblo III canyon-head village - Illustration by Theresa Breznau of Living Earth Studios; courtesy of the Bureau of Land Management, Anasazi Heritage Center.

Pueblo III map - Map by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Corn - Photo by Jeanne Fitzsimmons; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Beans and squash - Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Turkey - Photo from www.bigstockphoto.com.

Pinyon, ricegrass, amaranth, and goosefoot - Photos by Rick Bell; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.`

Yucca - Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Rabbit - Photo from www.bigstockphoto.com.

Three-dimensional reconstruction of Sand Canyon Pueblo - Reconstruction by Dennis R. Holloway, Architect; aerial photo by Adriel Heisey.

Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde National Park - Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pueblo III white ware pottery vessels - Pen-and-ink drawing by Lee R. Schmidlap, Jr.

Pueblo III corrugated gray ware pottery vessels - Pen-and-ink drawing by Lee R. Schmidlap, Jr.

Slab metate and two-hand mano - Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Slab metates in metate bins - Photo by James Kleidon; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Bow and arrow - Copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Axe - Pen-and-ink drawing by Lee R. Schmidlap, Jr.; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Turkey feather blanket (replica) - Replica created by Paul Ermigiotti, photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Cotton cloth - Edge of the Cedars State Park Museum (ECPR 72); Laurie Webster, photographer. Photo courtesy Edge of the Cedars State Park Museum, Utah State Parks.

Post-Migration Period:

Hopi Pueblo (ca. 1871–1907) - Photo by John K. Hillers; courtesy National Archives, photo no. NWDNS-106-IN-94.

Acoma Pueblo (ca. 1933–1942) - Photo by Ansel Adams; courtesy National Archives, photo no. NWDNS-79-AA-A01.

Corn - Photo by Jeanne Fitzsimmons; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Beans and squash - Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Post–A.D. 1300 pueblo in New Mexico (Tyuonyi Pueblo, Bandelier National Monument) - Photo by Sally King, courtesy National Park Service.

Pueblo polychrome pottery vessels - Photo courtesy Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona.

Hopi woman grinding corn - Courtesy of the Denver Public Library, Western History Collection, Charles A. Nast, X-30779.

Conquistador - Drawing by Frederic Remington; from Wildside Press, www.fotosearch.com.

Pueblo girls at boarding school (ca. 1910) - Photo courtesy National Archives, photo no. NRG-75-AISP-14.

Pueblo boys at boarding school (ca. 1900) - Photo courtesy National Archives, photo no. NRG-75-AISP-8.

Modern Pueblo

Taos Pueblo - Photo from www.bigstockphoto.com.

Young Pueblo dancers - Photo by Wendy Mimiaga; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pueblo woman talking on cell phoe - Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pueblo visitor to ancient site in Mesa Verde region - Photo by Victoria Atkins, courtesy of the Bureau of Land Management, Anasazi Heritage Center.

Modern Pueblo map - Map by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Corn - Photo by Jeanne Fitzsimmons; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Beans and squash - Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Roasted corn - Photo by Deloria Lomawaima; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Piki bread - Photo by Deloria Lomawaima; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Chiles and corn hanging from rafters - Photo by Deloria Lomawaima; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Deer, chicken, and cow - Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Joyce Heuman Kramer.

Rabbit - Photo from www.bigstockphoto.com.

Hamburger, fries, and milkshake - Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Groceries - Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pottery vessel (Hopi) - Photo by Jeanne Fitzsimmons; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Turquoise necklace and beads - Photo of necklace by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center. Photo of beads courtesy Chaco Culture National Historical Park, photo no. CHCU 14472.

Pueblo farmer using digging stick to plant corn - Photo by Joyce Alexander; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Slab metate and two-hand mano - Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Cap and sunglasses, basketball, Frisbee, computer mouse, cell phone - Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Glossary

Adobe - Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Alcove - Photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Antechamber - Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center (source of information used in reconstruction: Figure 9 in Badger House Community, Mesa Verde National Park, by Alden C. Hayes and James A. Lancaster, Publications in Archeology, no. 7E, National Park Service, Washington, D.C., 1975).

Architecture - Photo of well-preserved architecture (Mesa Verde National Park) by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center. Photo of rubble mound by Jeff Kelley; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Artifact - Photo of broken pottery by Joyce Alexander; photo of corrugated jar by Wendy Mimiaga; photos of arrowheads (Edge of the Cedars State Park Museum collection), stone flakes, computer mouse, cap and sunglasses, and cell phone by Joyce Heuman Kramer. All copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Atlatl - Atlatl: copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center. Atlatl, spear, projectile point: pen-and-ink drawing by Lew Matis; adapted, with permission, from Figure A.2 in Windows Into the Past: Crow Canyon Archaeological Center's Guide for Teachers, edited by M. Elaine Davis and Marjorie R. Connolly, Kendall/Hunt Publishing, Dubuque, Iowa, 2000.

Cliff dwelling - Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Deflector - Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center (source of information used in reconstruction: Figure 2.12 in The Duckfoot Site, Volume 1: Descriptive Archaeology, edited by Ricky R. Lightfoot and Mary C. Etzkorn, Occasional Papers, no. 3, Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, Colorado, 1993).

Jacal - Photo by Rich Fleming; copyright Rich Fleming.

Kiva - Illustrations by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center (source of information for reconstructions: Figure 13 in Monitoring and Excavation at Aulston Pueblo [Site 5MT2433], a Pueblo II Habitation Site, by James N. Morris, Four Corners Archaeological Project Report, no. 6, Complete Archaeological Service Associates, Cortez, Colorado, 1986).

Mano - Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Masonry - Masonry wall photo by Bill Proud; copyright Bill Proud. Masonry wall detail photo by Steve Copeland; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Mesa - Photo by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Mesa Verde archaeological region - Map by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Metate - Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Pithouse - Illustrations by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center (source of information used in reconstructions: Figure 2.12 in The Duckfoot Site, Volume 1: Descriptive Archaeology, edited by Ricky R. Lightfoot and Mary C. Etzkorn, Occasional Papers, no. 3, Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, Colorado, 1993).

Projectile point - Paleoindian point from collections of the Center for the Study of the First Americans, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University (photo courtesy of the Center for the Study of the First Americans); all other points from the Edge of the Cedars State Park Museum collection, photos by Joyce Heuman Kramer, copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Roomblock - Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center.

Sipapu - Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center (source of information used in reconstruction: Figure 2.12 in The Duckfoot Site, Volume 1: Descriptive Archaeology, edited by Ricky R. Lightfoot and Mary C. Etzkorn, Occasional Papers, no. 3, Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, Colorado, 1993).

Slip - Photo of slipped white ware jar by David M. Grimes; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center. Photo of unslipped white ware bowl by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center (bowl on loan from Bureau of Land Management, Anasazi Heritage Center, Dolores, Colorado).

Smoke hole - Illustration by Joyce Heuman Kramer; copyright Crow Canyon Archaeological Center (source of information used in reconstruction: Figure 2.12 in The Duckfoot Site, Volume 1: Descriptive Archaeology, edited by Ricky R. Lightfoot and Mary C. Etzkorn, Occasional Papers, no. 3, Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, Cortez, Colorado, 1993).