Illustrations
1.1 Map of the American Southwest, showing the general locations of prehistoric cultural traditions.
1.3 Survey areas within the Sand Canyon locality.
1.4 Aerial view of a portion of the Sand Canyon locality.
1.7 The locations of the tested sites, the Green Lizard site, and Sand Canyon Pueblo.
1.8 View of the Sand Canyon drainage, looking south.
2.1 Topography and surface remains, G and G Hamlet.
2.2 Site sampling plan, G and G Hamlet.
2.3 Major cultural units, G and G Hamlet.
2.4 Sampling Stratum 1, extramural features, G and G Hamlet.
2.5 Structures 2 and 3 (rooms), G and G Hamlet.
2.6 Stratigraphic profiles through roomblock, G and G Hamlet.
2.7 View of Structure 1 (kiva), facing south, G and G Hamlet.
2.8 View of Structure 1, kiva, facing east, G and G Hamlet.
2.9 View of Structure 1, kiva, east bench face, G and G Hamlet.
2.10 Structure 1 (kiva), G and G Hamlet.
2.11 View of Structure 1 (kiva), east bench face with architectural square, G and G Hamlet.
2.12 Structure 1 (kiva), stratigraphic profile, G and G Hamlet.
2.13 View of Structure 1 (kiva), Feature 4 (hearth), facing southwest, G and G Hamlet.
2.14 View of Structure 1 (kiva), close-up of Pilaster 1, facing southwest, G and G Hamlet.
2.15 View of Structure 1 (kiva), stratigraphic profile, east end of north wall, G and G Hamlet.
2.16 Sampling Strata 2, 3, and 4, extramural features, G and G Hamlet.
2.17 Sampling Stratum 3, Feature 1, G and G Hamlet.
2.18 Structure 4 (pit structure), Surface 1, G and G Hamlet.
2.19 Structure 4 (pit structure), stratigraphic profile, G and G Hamlet.
3.1 Aerial view of Lillian's Site.
3.2 Overview of Lillian's Site, facing west.
3.3 Topography and surface remains, Lillian's Site.
3.4 Site sampling plan, Lillian's Site.
3.5 Major cultural units, Lillian's Site.
3.6 View of Structure 2 (room), north wall near northeast corner, Lillian's Site.
3.7 Surface roomblocks and excavation units, Lillian's Site.
3.8 Structures 2 and 3 (rooms), stratigraphic profile, Lillian's Site.
3.9 Stratigraphic profile through west roomblock, Lillian's Site.
3.10 Structure 1 (kiva) and courtyard sampling units, Lillian's Site.
3.11 View of Structure 1 (kiva), facing south, Lillian's Site.
3.12 View of Structure 1 (kiva), Feature 1 (southern recess), Lillian's Site.
3.13 View of Structure 1 (kiva), Feature 5 (hearth), close-up, Lillian's Site.
3.14 View of Structure 1 (kiva), north face stratigraphy, Lillian's Site.
3.15 Structure 1 (kiva), stratigraphic profile, Lillian's Site.
4.1 Aerial view of Roy's Ruin, looking north.
4.3 Topography and surface remains, Roy's Ruin.
4.4 Site sampling plan, Roy's Ruin.
4.5 Major cultural units, Roy's Ruin.
4.6 View of Structure 2 (tower), west profile, Roy's Ruin.
4.7 Structure 2 (tower), plan and profile, Roy's Ruin.
4.8 Structure 1 (kiva), plan and profile, Roy's Ruin.
4.9 View of Structure 1 (kiva), profile, east face of 97N/99E, Roy's Ruin.
5.1 General view of Kenzie Dawn Hamlet and surrounding terrain, facing southwest.
5.2 Topography and surface remains, Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.3 Site sampling plan, Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.4 Major cultural units, Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.5 View of Structure 1 (surface room), west wall, facing west, Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.6 Structures 1 and 2 (surface rooms), Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.7 Structures 1, 2 (surface rooms), and 13 (pit structure), stratigraphic profile, Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.8 View of Structure 2 (surface room), facing southwest, Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.9 Structure 3 (surface room), Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.12 View of Structure 13 (pit structure), facing north, Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.13 Structure 13 (pit structure), Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.14 Structure 14 (pit structure), Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.15 Structure 15 (surface room), Surface 1, Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.16 Structure 15 (surface room), Surface 2, Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.17 View of Structure 6 (kiva), facing west, Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.18 View of Structure 6 (kiva), facing south, Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.20 View of Structure 6 (kiva), bench face with architectural square, facing west, Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.21 Structure 6 (kiva), Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.22 Structure 6 (kiva), stratigraphic profile, Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.23 Structure 4 (kiva), Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.24 Structure 4 (kiva), stratigraphic profile, Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.25 Structure 8 (pit structure), stratigraphic profile, Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.26 Structure 5 (surface room), Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.27 Structure 5 (surface room), stratigraphic profile, Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.28 Structures 7 (surface room) and 12 (pit structure), Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.29 Structures 7 (surface room) and 12 (pit structure), stratigraphic profile, Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.30 Sampling unit 114N/118E, Surface 2, Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.31 View of Structure 10 (pit structure), top of masonry wall, Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.32 Structure 10 (pit structure), Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.33 Structure 10 (pit structure), stratigraphic profile, Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.34 Structure 11 (kiva), stratigraphic profile, Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
5.35 Stem-and-leaf plot of the tree-ring dates for Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
6.1 Aerial view of Shorlene's Site.
6.2 Topography and surface remains, Shorlene's Site.
6.3 Site sampling plan, Shorlene's Site.
6.4 Major cultural units, Shorlene's Site.
6.5 View of Structure 3 (tower), looking south, Shorlene's Site.
6.6 View of excavation unit 100N/103E, masonry exposed on the west edge of unit, Shorlene's Site.
6.7 View of Structures 1 (kiva) and 4 (pit structure), facing north, Shorlene's Site.
6.8 View of Structures 1 (kiva) and 5 (pit structure), facing south, Shorlene's Site.
6.9 Sampling and cultural units in Sampling Strata 2 and 3, Shorlene's Site.
6.10 Structure 1 (kiva), stratigraphic profile, Shorlene's Site.
6.11 Structure 2 (pit structure), stratigraphic profile, Shorlene's Site.
6.12 Structures 1 (kiva) and 4 (pit structure), stratigraphic profile, Shorlene's Site.
6.13 Sampling units 92N/89E, 91N/90E, and 91N/91E, Shorlene's Site.
7.1 Aerial view of Troy's Tower, looking north-northwest.
7.2 Topography and surface remains, Troy's Tower.
7.3 Site sampling plan, Troy's Tower.
7.4 Major cultural units, Troy's Tower.
7.5 View of Structure 1 (tower), exterior face of wall, Troy's Tower.
7.6 View of Structure 1 (tower), looking down on the wall, Troy's Tower.
7.7 Structure 1 (tower), plan and profile, Troy's Tower.
7.8 View of Structure 2 (kiva) masonry, Troy's Tower.
7.9 Structure 2 (kiva), Troy's Tower.
7.10 Structure 2 (kiva), stratigraphic profile, Troy's Tower.
7.11 View of Structure 2 (kiva), east profile face, Troy's Tower.
7.12 View of Structure 3 (pit), close-up of rock layer, Troy's Tower.
7.13 Structure 3 (pit), plan and profile, Troy's Tower.
7.14 Structure 4 (pit), plan and profile, Troy's Tower.
8.1 View of Lester's Site and the surrounding terrain.
8.2 Topography and surface remains, Lester's Site.
8.3 Site sampling plan, Lester's Site.
8.4 Major cultural units, Lester's Site.
8.5 Structure 2 (alcove room), Lester's Site.
8.6 Structure 2 (alcove room), stratigraphic profile, Lester's Site.
8.7 Feature 1 (retaining wall), Sampling Stratum 1, stratigraphic profile, Lester's Site.
8.8 View of Structure 1 (kiva), facing east, Lester's Site.
8.9 View of Structure 1 (kiva), east wall and pilaster with architectural square, Lester's Site.
8.10 Structure 1 (kiva), Lester's Site.
8.11 Structure 1 (kiva), stratigraphic profile, Lester's Site.
8.13 View of Structure 1 (kiva), showing wall and floor features, Lester's Site.
8.14 View of Structure 1 (kiva), Feature 3 (hearth), facing south, Lester's Site.
8.15 View of Structure 1 (kiva), Feature 4 (hearth), looking straight down, Lester's Site.
8.16 View of Structure 3 (kiva), Lester's Site.
8.17 Structure 3 (kiva), Lester's Site.
8.18 Structure 3 (kiva), stratigraphic profile, Lester's Site.
8.19 Structure 3 (kiva), architectural profile, Lester's Site.
8.20 View of Structure 3 (kiva), Feature 2 (ventilator tunnel), Lester's Site.
8.21 View of Structure 3 (kiva), Feature 2 (ventilator tunnel), Lester's Site.
8.22 Structure 3 (kiva), Feature 2 (ventilator tunnel), stratigraphic profile, Lester's Site.
8.23 Structure 3 (kiva), Feature 5 (hearth), and Feature 6 (deflector), Lester's Site.
8.24 Sampling units 95N/113E and 96N/113E (Sampling Stratum 3), stratigraphic profile, Lester's Site.
8.25 Sampling unit 102N/120E (Sampling Stratum 3), stratigraphic profile, Lester's Site.
8.26 Sampling Stratum 3, Feature 1 (retaining wall), plan and profile, Lester's Site.
8.28 Nonstructure 1 (midden) and Feature 2 (burial), Lester's Site.
9.1 View of Lookout House and the surrounding terrain before excavation.
9.2 Topography and surface remains, Lookout House.
9.3 Site sampling plan, Lookout House.
9.4 Major cultural units, Lookout House.
9.5 View of Structure 6 (subterranean room), facing east, Lookout House.
9.8 View of Structure 7 (kiva), facing west, Lookout House.
9.9 View of Structure 1 (kiva), facing south, Lookout House.
9.10 Structure 1 (kiva), Surface 1, Lookout House.
9.11 Structure 1 (kiva), stratigraphic profile, Lookout House.
9.12 View of Structure 2 (kiva), facing north, 101N/108E, Lookout House.
9.13 View of Structure 2 (kiva), facing southeast, showing partial bowl on Bench 5, Lookout House.
9.14 Structure 2 (kiva), Surface 1, Lookout House.
9.15 Structure 2 (kiva), stratigraphic profile, Lookout House.
9.16 Sampling Stratum 3, Feature 5 (wall), plan and profile, Lookout House.
9.17 View of Structure 3 (surface room), facing north, Lookout House.
9.19 Structure 3 (surface room), Surface 1, and Structure 4 (surface room), Surface 1, Lookout House.
9.20 Structures 3 and 4 (surface rooms), architectural profile, Lookout House.
9.21 Structure 3 (surface room), architectural profile, Lookout House.
9.22 Structures 3 and 4 (surface rooms), stratigraphic profile, Lookout House.
9.23 View of Structure 4 (surface room), view straight down, Lookout House.
9.24 Structure 4 (surface room), architectural profile, Lookout House.
9.25 Sampling Stratum 5, Feature 1 (burial), Lookout House.
9.26 Sampling Stratum 5, Feature 1 (burial), profile, Lookout House.
9.27 Sampling Stratum 5, Feature 1 (burial), profile, Lookout House.
10.1 Aerial view of Stanton's Site.
10.2 Overview of Stanton's Site, looking west/northwest.
10.3 Topography and surface remains, Stanton's Site.
10.4 Site sampling plan, Stanton's Site.
10.5 Major cultural units, Stanton's Site.
10.6 Structure 1 (tower), plan and profiles, Stanton's Site.
10.7 Masonry roomblock, plan and profile, Stanton's Site.
10.8 Structure 2 (kiva), plan and profile, Stanton's Site.
10.9 Sampling unit 97N/114E, stratigraphic profile, Stanton's Site.
10.10 View of Nonstructure 1 (midden), Stanton's Site.
11.1 Aerial view of Catherine's Site.
11.2 Overview of Catherine's Site and the view down Sand Canyon.
11.3 Topography and surface remains, Catherine's Site.
11.4 Site sampling plan, Catherine's Site.
11.5 Major cultural units, Catherine's Site.
11.6 Structure 2 (pit structure), plan and stratigraphic profile, Catherine's Site.
11.8 Sampling units 101N/120E and 101N/121E, stratigraphic profile, Catherine's Site.
11.9 Sampling units 101N/124E and 99N/124E, stratigraphic profile, Catherine's Site.
11.10 View of 99N/124E, east wall profile, Catherine's Site.
11.11 Structure 1 (kiva), plan and profile, Catherine's Site.
11.12 View of Structure 1 (kiva) and Feature 1 (bench), Catherine's Site.
11.13 View of Structure 1 (kiva), east wall profile, Catherine's Site.
11.14 View of Nonstructure 1 (midden) and Feature 1 (retaining wall), Catherine's Site.
11.15 View of the spring at Catherine's Site.
11.16 View of agricultural terrace, southern end of the site, Catherine's Site.
12.1 Overview of Saddlehorn Hamlet, looking north.
12.2 View of alcove, Saddlehorn Hamlet.
12.3 Topography and surface remains, Saddlehorn Hamlet.
12.4 Site sampling plan, Saddlehorn Hamlet.
12.5 Major cultural units, Saddlehorn Hamlet.
12.6 View of Structure 2 (room), looking northeast, Saddlehorn Hamlet.
12.7 View of Structure 2 (room), Feature 3 (post sockets), looking north, Saddlehorn Hamlet.
12.8 Structures 4 and 5, Saddlehorn Hamlet.
12.9 View of Structure 1 (kiva), inner lining wall, looking south, Saddlehorn Hamlet.
12.11 Structure 1 (kiva), Saddlehorn Hamlet.
12.12 View of Structure 1 (kiva), Feature 5 (hearth), looking straight down, Saddlehorn Hamlet.
12.13 Structure 1 (kiva), stratigraphic profile, Saddlehorn Hamlet.
12.14 Sampling unit 100N/101E, stratigraphic profile, Saddlehorn Hamlet.
13.1 Overview of Mad Dog Tower, looking east from Saddlehorn Hamlet.
13.2 Overview of Mad Dog Tower, looking east.
13.3 Topography and surface remains, Mad Dog Tower.
13.4 Site sampling plan, Mad Dog Tower.
13.5 Major cultural units, Mad Dog Tower.
13.6 Structure 1 (surface room), Mad Dog Tower.
13.7 View of Structure 3 (tower), looking north, Mad Dog Tower.
13.8 View of Structure 3, tower wall from above, Mad Dog Tower.
13.9 Structure 3 (tower), Mad Dog Tower.
13.10 Structure 3 (tower), stratigraphic profile, Mad Dog Tower.
13.12 Structure 2 (kiva), Mad Dog Tower.
13.13 View of Structure 2 (kiva), Feature 5 (pilaster), looking northeast, Mad Dog Tower.
13.14 Structure 2 (kiva), stratigraphic profile, Mad Dog Tower.
13.15 Sampling unit 84N/83E in the midden, stratigraphic profile, Mad Dog Tower.
14.1 Aerial view of Castle Rock Pueblo, facing south/southwest.
14.2 Aerial view of Castle Rock Pueblo, facing west/northwest.
14.3 View of Castle Rock Pueblo, facing north.
14.4 View of Castle Rock Pueblo, facing southeast.
14.5 Topography and surface remains, Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.6 Site sampling plan, Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.7 Major cultural units, Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.8 Structure 401 (tower), Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.9 Structure 401 (tower), stratigraphic profile, Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.10 Structure 403 (surface room), Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.11 Structure 403 (surface room), architectural profile, Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.12 Structure 403 (surface room), stratigraphic profile, Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.13 Structure 203 (surface room), Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.14 Structure 205 (surface room), Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.15 Structure 111 (surface room), stratigraphic profile, Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.16 View of Structure 103 (kiva), Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.17 Structure 103 (kiva), Floor 1, Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.18 Structure 103 (kiva), stratigraphic profile, Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.19 Structure 206 (kiva), Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.20 Structure 206 (kiva), stratigraphic profile, Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.21 Structure 304 (kiva), Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.22 Structure 204 (kiva), stratigraphic profile, Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.23 View of Structure 302 (kiva), facing east, Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.24 View of Structure 302 (kiva), east wall, Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.25 Structure 302 (kiva), Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.26 Structure 302 (kiva), stratigraphic profile, Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.27 View of Structure 104 (kiva), masonry with architectural square, facing south, Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.28 Structure 104 (kiva), Floor 1, Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.29 Structure 104 (kiva), stratigraphic profile, Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.31 Sampling unit 69N/172E, stratigraphic profile, Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.32 Structure 107 (inferred circular structure), Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.33 Structure 108, Floor 1, Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.34 View of Structure 301 on top of the butte, Castle Rock Pueblo.
14.35 View of rock art at Castle Rock Pueblo.
15.2 Sample of Cortez Black-on-white and Mancos Black-on-white sherds.
15.3 Sample of Pueblo II White Painted sherds.
15.4 Sample of McElmo Black-on-white sherds.
15.5 Sample of Mesa Verde Black-on-white sherds.
15.6 Sample of Pueblo III White Painted sherds.
15.7 Sample of Late White Painted sherds.
15.8 Mug from Stanton's Site (5MT10508).
15.9 Mug from Castle Rock Pueblo (5MT1825).
15.10 Canteen from Castle Rock Pueblo (5MT1825).
15.11 Bowl from Castle Rock Pueblo (5MT1825).
15.12 Average weight of gray and white ware sherds in tested-sites assemblages.
15.13 Distribution of bowl rim diameters from all of the tested sites.
15.14 Proportions of small, medium, and large bowls from the tested sites.
15.15 Distribution of corrugated jar rim diameters from all of the tested sites.
15.16 Richness of pottery production evidence from the tested sites in relation to sample size.
15.17 Sherd and stone pendants.
15.18 Sherd containers.
15.19 Early projectile points.
15.20 Small corner-notched projectile points.
15.21 Medium side-notched, Bull Creek, and unusual projectile points.
15.22 Small side-notched projectile points.
15.23 Projectile point preforms.
15.24 Bifaces.
15.25 Drills.
15.26 Manos.
15.27 Slab metates.
15.28 Abraders.
15.29 Battered stones (peckingstones).
15.30 Battered stones (polishing/hammerstones and hammerstones).
15.31 Single-bitted axes.
15.32 Axes and mauls.
15.33 Beads.
15.34 Petroglyph on building stone.
15.35 Relationship between debitage weight, graininess, and geologic source for four tested sites.
15.36 Relationship between number of animal bone fragments and number of bone tools for the tested sites.
15.37 Relative frequency of awls, tubes, and miscellaneous bone artifacts for three sites.
18.1 Relationship between number of identified specimens (NISP) and number of taxa by site.
18.4 Relative frequency of turkey bones, grouped into different body areas, from three sites.
18.5 Relative frequency of cottontail bones, grouped into different body areas, from three sites.
19.1 Age distribution of 18 individuals from the tested sites.
19.2 Age distribution of 19 individuals from Sand Canyon Pueblo.
20.1 Stem-and-leaf plot of the tree-ring dates for G and G Hamlet.
20.2 Stem-and-leaf plot of the tree-ring dates for Lillian's Site.
20.3 Stem-and-leaf plot of the tree-ring dates for Roy's Ruin.
20.4 Stem-and-leaf plot of the tree-ring dates for Kenzie Dawn Hamlet.
20.5 Stem-and-leaf plot of the tree-ring dates for Troy's Tower.
20.6 Stem-and-leaf plot of the tree-ring dates for Lester's Site.
20.7 Stem-and-leaf plot of the tree-ring dates for Saddlehorn Hamlet.
20.8 Stem-and-leaf plot of the tree-ring dates for Castle Rock Pueblo.
21.1 The area considered in the context review.
21.2 Major surveys in the McElmo district.
21.3 Temporal frameworks used in regional surveys.
21.4 Stem-and-leaf plot of all tree-ring dates from all the tested sites.
21.5 Stem-and-leaf plot of the tree-ring cutting dates from all the tested sites.
22.1 Total occupation span estimates and confidence intervals for the Sand Canyon locality sites.
22.3 Frequency of roof treatment types.
22.4 Roof treatment by time period.
22.5 Artifact densities by fill type.
22.6 Frequency of roof treatment types in post-A.D. 1250 structures.